List of Contributors xix
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxiii
Editor Biography xxiv
About the Companion Website xxv
Section 1 Lameness Diagnosis 1
Part I Lameness Evaluation 3
1 Subjective Gait Evaluation 5
Felix Michael Duerr
1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 Observation at Rest 5
1.3 Observation in Motion 6
References 13
2 Objective Gait Analysis 15
Bryan T. Torres
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Kinetic Analysis 15
2.3 Kinematic Analysis 21
2.4 Making the Best of Your Gait Data Collection 27
2.5 Evaluating Gait Data 28
References 29
3 The Orthopedic Examination 31
Dirsko J.F. von Pfeil and Felix Michael Duerr
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 The Orthopedic Examination 31
References 39
4 The Neurologic Examination 41
Lisa Bartner
4.1 Introduction 41
4.2 Neuroanatomy Related to Limb Function 42
4.3 The Neurologic Examination 48
4.4 Diagnostic Tests 63
References 65
5 The Rehabilitation Examination 67
Sasha Foster
5.1 Introduction 67
5.2 Passive Range of Motion 68
5.3 Joint Play 77
5.4 Flexibility Testing 79
5.5 Strength Testing 81
References 83
6 The Myofascial Examination 85
Rick Wall
6.1 Introduction 85
6.2 Characteristics of Myofascial Trigger Points 85
6.3 Etiology and Pathophysiology of Myofascial Trigger Points 86
6.4 The Myofascial Examination 87
6.5 Myofascial Pain Syndrome Patterns Associated with Lameness 88
6.6 Clinical Significance 89
References 90
Part II Diagnostic Techniques 93
7 Arthrocentesis Technique 95
Bryan T. Torres and Felix Michael Duerr
7.1 Introduction 95
7.2 Risks and Contraindications 96
7.3 Restraint 96
7.4 Site Preparation 96
7.5 Equipment 96
7.6 Approaches 98
References 104
8 Diagnostic Joint Anesthesia 105
Bryan T. Torres and Felix Michael Duerr
8.1 Introduction 105
8.2 Patient Selection 105
8.3 Sedation Protocols 106
8.4 Intra-articular Anesthetic Instillation 108
8.5 Lameness Evaluation and Interpreting the Effect of Diagnostic Joint Anesthesia 108
References 110
9 Joint Fluid Analysis and Collection Considerations 111
Adam Harris and Kelly Santangelo
9.1 Introduction 111
9.2 Sample Submission and Prioritization of Diagnostic Tests 111
9.3 Gross, Biochemical, and Cytologic Examination 113
9.4 Canine Arthropathies 120
References 122
10 Diagnostic Imaging Techniques in Lameness Evaluation 125
Angela J. Marolf
10.1 Introduction 125
10.2 Radiography 125
10.3 Ultrasonography 126
10.4 Computed Tomography 127
10.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 130
10.6 Nuclear Medicine 131
References 133
11 Diagnostic Approach to Neoplastic Conditions Causing Lameness 135
Bernard Séguin
11.1 Introduction 135
11.2 Diagnostic Methods 135
11.3 Specific Tumors 138
References 139
Section 2 Regional Diagnosis 141
Part III Distal Limb Lameness 143
12 Distal Limb Region 145
Nicolaas E. Lambrechts
12.1 Introduction 145
12.2 Normal Anatomy 145
12.3 Arthritis 152
12.4 Fractures of the Distal Limb Region 154
12.5 Conditions of Muscles, Tendon, and Ligaments 157
12.6 Conditions of the Digital and Paw Pads 159
12.7 Conditions of the Digit/Paw Skin 162
12.8 Conditions of the Claws 163
12.9 Other Conditions Affecting the Distal Limb Region 164
References 166
Part IV Thoracic Limb Lameness 169
13 Carpal Region 171
Denis J. Marcellin-Little and Dirsko J.F. von Pfeil
13.1 Introduction and Common Differential Diagnoses 171
13.2 Normal Anatomy and Osteoarthritis 171
13.3 Fractures of the Carpal Region 175
13.4 Carpal Hyperextension and Other Carpal Ligamentous Injuries 179
13.5 Deformities of the Carpal Region 185
13.6 Tendinous and Muscular Lesions of the Carpal Region 186
13.7 Other Diseases Affecting the Carpal Region 187
References 191
14 Elbow Region 195
Felix Michael Duerr
14.1 Introduction and Common Differential Diagnoses 195
14.2 Normal Anatomy and Arthritis 195
14.3 Fractures of the Elbow Region 200
14.4 Incomplete Ossification of the Humeral Condyle 201
14.5 Elbow Dysplasia/Incongruity 203
14.6 Medial Compartment Disease 205
14.7 Traumatic Fracture of the Medial Coronoid Process 208
14.8 Osteochondrosis Dissecans 209
14.9 Ununited Anconeal Process 209
14.10 Elbow Luxation 210
14.11 Panosteitis 212
14.12 Septic Arthritis 214
14.13 Flexor Enthesopathy 215
14.14 Other Diseases Affecting the Elbow Region 217
References 219
15 Shoulder Region 223
Kristina M. Kiefer and Dirsko J.F. von Pfeil
15.1 Introduction and Common Differential Diagnoses 223
15.2 Normal Anatomy and Osteoarthritis 223
15.3 Fractures of the Shoulder Region 229
15.4 Medial Shoulder Instability 231
15.5 Traumatic Shoulder Luxation 235
15.6 Biceps Brachii Tendinopathy 237
15.7 Supraspinatus Tendinopathy 242
15.8 Infraspinatus Disease 243
15.9 Osteochondrosis Dissecans 246
15.10 Other Diseases Affecting the Shoulder Region 248
References 250
16 Neurological Disease of the Thoracic Limb 255
Lisa Bartner
16.1 Introduction 255
16.2 Relevant Anatomy 255
16.3 Neurological Diseases Affecting the Thoracic Limb 257
References 268
17 Neoplastic Conditions of the Thoracic Limb 271
Bernard Séguin
17.1 Introduction 271
17.2 Neoplasia of Specific Regions 271
References 277
Part V Pelvic Limb Lameness 279
18 Tarsal Region 281
Kathleen Linn and Felix Michael Duerr
18.1 Introduction and Common Differential Diagnoses 281
18.2 Normal Anatomy 281
18.3 Fractures of the Tarsal Region 288
18.4 Tarsal Joint Luxations 291
18.5 Pathology of the Common Calcanean Tendon 294
18.6 Osteochondrosis Dissecans 298
18.7 Other Diseases Affecting the Tarsal Region 300
References 304
19 Stifle Region 307
Jennifer Warnock and Felix Michael Duerr
19.1 Introduction and Common Differential Diagnoses 307
19.2 Normal Anatomy 307
19.3 Fractures of the Stifle Region 314
19.4 Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease 316
19.5 Patellar Luxation 329
19.6 Stifle Luxation 334
19.7 Isolated Caudal Cruciate Ligament Rupture 336
19.8 Osteochondrosis Dissecans 337
19.9 Patellar Ligament Pathology 339
19.10 Other Diseases Affecting the Stifle Region 340
References 343
20 Hip Region 347
Nina R. Kieves
20.1 Introduction and Common Differential Diagnoses 347
20.2 Normal Anatomy 347
20.3 Fractures of the Hip Region 353
20.4 Coxofemoral Luxation 356
20.5 Hip Dysplasia 358
20.6 Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head 366
20.7 Muscle Contractures 367
20.8 Iliopsoas Tendinopathy 371
20.9 Other Diseases Affecting the Hip Region 373
References 376
21 Neurological Disease of the Pelvic Limb 379
Lisa Bartner
21.1 Introduction 379
21.2 Relevant Anatomy 379
21.3 Neurological Diseases Affecting the Pelvic Limb 381
References 389
22 Neoplastic Conditions of the Pelvic Limb 391
Bernard Séguin
22.1 Introduction 391
22.2 Neoplasia of Specific Regions 391
References 394
Glossary 397
List of Abbreviations 401
Index 403