Fluid therapy in dogs and cats
VIGANÒ-SILVERSTEIN
Fluid therapy in dogs and cats
2nd ed., 228 pages, 10 ill., Edra, February 2023
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Fluid therapy is one of the most widely used and necessary therapies for critically ill patients and those who are not able to hydrate and feed themselves spontaneously. Fluid Therapy in dogs and cats summarizes the fundamentals for understanding the water and electrolyte requirements of critical patients, the types of fluids that can be administered, and the consequences that a decision may entail.

This handbook is published at a particularly relevant time, with the recent developments in orthogonal polarization spectral imaging; the advancements in hemodynamics, which have made it possible to assess the real efficacy of therapy and the side effects fluids can produce if not provided correctly; and the evidence-based advances that have changed the way fluid therapy in both human and veterinary medicine is now provided, which is very different from how it had been performed over the past 30 years.

An attempt has been made in this book to address the topics homogeneously, following a functional approach for readers. Every chapter ends with a clinical case, which is useful for putting into practice what has been explained in the text.

1. Fundamentals of Fluid Therapy, Hemodynamics and Compartmentalization of Fluids in the Body
Fabio Viganò
Introduction
Dynamics and hemodynamics of fluid compartments
Water
Blood volume and cardiac output
Parameters to evaluate the hemodynamic response
Blood volume
Evaluation of cardiac output and stroke volume
Central venous pressure and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure
Clinical hemodynamic monitoring
Water distribution in the body
Osmotic pressure
Colloid oncotic pressure
Glycocalyx
Clinical consequences of the glycocalyx model
Clinical Case: Dehydrated dog with respiratory alkalosis
 
2. Acid-Base Disorders
Fabio Viganò
Introduction
Chemical species involved in the acid-base balance
Traditional approach
Blood gas analyzers
Interpretation of blood gas analysis
Primary disorder
Compensatory responses
Base excess (BE)
Anion gap (AG)
Total oxygen content (CaO2)
Oxygen parameters to evaluate the effectiveness of oxygenation
Rule of 5
Rule of 120
Strong ion theory (Stewart’s approach)
Chemical species involved
Dependent and independent variables
Examples of pH variations according to the nontraditional approach
Fluid therapy and SID
Clinical case, example
Strong ion gap (SIG)
Correction of acid-base disorders
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Mixed disorders
Clinical Case: The cat who couldn’t urinate
 
3. Fluids: when and how to administer them
Fabio Viganò
Introduction
Daily intravenous fluid therapy
Daily water requirements
Hypotonic solutions
Antidiuretic hormone and fluid therapy
Fluid therapy under general anaesthesia
Daily fluid therapy
Hydration
Calculation of daily fluid therapy
Hemodynamic monitoring
Heart rate and cardiac output
Pulse quality
Capillary refill time (CRT)
Mucous membrane colour
Body temperature
Jugular vein distension
Urine production
Parameters to evaluate the hemodynamic status
Invasive blood pressure (IBP) measurement
Measurement of lactatemia
Fluid resuscitation
Goal-directed therapy
ROSE model (Resuscitation, Optimization, Stabilization, Evacuation)
Crystalloids
Isotonic solutions
Hypertonic solutions
Colloids
Synthetic colloids
Natural colloids
Clinical Case: Consequences of gastroenteritis
 
4. Electrolyte Disorders
Fabio Viganò, Corinna Uboldi
Introduction
Osmosis
Osmolarity and osmolality
Sodium
Hyponatremia
Hypernatremia
Potassium
Hypokalemia
Hyperkalemia
Calcium
Hypocalcemia
Hypercalcemia
Phosphorus
Hyperphosphatemia
Hypophosphatemia
Chloride
Hyperchloremia
Hypochloremia
Magnesium
Hypomagnesemia
Hypermagnesemia
Clinical Case: Electrolyte and acid–base imbalances during vomiting
 
5. Hemorrhagic Shock
Brett Montague, Deborah C. Silverstein
Introduction
Pathophysiology of hemorrhagic shock
Compensatory shock
Early decompensatory shock
Late decompensatory shock
Metabolic sequelae of hemorrhagic shock
Aetiology of hemorrhagic shock
Diagnosis
Laboratory data
Monitoring
Shock index
Ultrasonography
Clinical management
Triage
Hypotensive resuscitation
Fluid therapy in hemorrhagic shock
Postresuscitation care
Reperfusion injury
Trauma-induced coagulopathy
Clinical Case: Hemorrhagic shock following a ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma
 
6. Microcirculation and Fluid Therapy
Deborah C. Silverstein
Introduction
Structure and function of the microcirculation
Microvascular perfusion – systemic control
Microvascular perfusion – local control
Microvascular changes with trauma and hemorrhagic shock
Microvascular changes with sepsis
Monitoring of the microcirculation vs. macrocirculation
Effects of fluid resuscitation on the microcirculation in trauma and hemorrhagic shock
Effects of fluid resuscitation on the microcirculation in sepsis
Conclusion
Clinical Case: Microcirculatory changes in a dog with sepsis secondary to bite wounds
 
Subject Index

Fabio Viganò
DVM, Cert. Emergency Medicine and Surgery, Specialist in Small Animal Diseases, ECVECC AM
Clinica Veterinaria San Giorgio, San Giorgio su Legnano (Italy)
 
Deborah C. Silverstein
DVM, DACVECC
Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine
University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (USA)

Item Code: MEDIN242
ISBN: 9781957260259
Weigth: 700 g
Species: Dog/Cat
Discipline: Critical care medicine
VAT: VAT Exempt