Abdominal Distention in the Adult Horse 1
Abdominal Hernia in Adult Horses* 4
Abdominocentesis—Increased Peritoneal Fluid 5
Abnormal Estrus Intervals 7
Abnormal Scrotal Enlargement 9
Abnormal Testicular Size 11
Abortion, Spontaneous, Infectious 13
Abortion, Spontaneous, Noninfectious 16
Acer rubrum (Red Maple) Toxicosis 19
Acidosis, Metabolic 20
Acidosis, Respiratory 22
Actinobacillosis 24
Acute Adult Abdominal Pain—Acute Colic 25
Acute Epiglottiditis 27
Acute Hepatitis in Adult Horses (Theiler Disease)* 28
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and Acute Renal Failure (ARF) 30
Acute-Phase Response 32
Adenovirus 33
Adrenal Insufficiency* 34
Aflatoxicosis 35
African Horse Sickness 36
Agalactia/Hypogalactia 37
Aggression 39
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 42
Alkalosis, Metabolic 44
Alkalosis, Respiratory 45
Alopecia 46
Amitraz Toxicosis 49
Ammonia, Hyperammonemia 50
Amylase, Lipase, and Trypsin 52
Anaerobic Bacterial Infections 53
Anaphylaxis 55
Anemia 57
Anemia, Chronic Disease 59
Anemia, Heinz Body 60
Anemia, Immune Mediated* 62
Anemia, Iron Deficiency 64
Anestrus 65
Angular Limb Deformity 67
Anhidrosis 69
Anorexia and Decreased Food Intake* 70
Anthrax 72
Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicosis 73
Anuria/Oliguria 74
Aortic Regurgitation 76
Aortic Rupture 78
Aortoiliac Thrombosis 81
Arsenic Toxicosis 82
Artificial Insemination 83
Arytenoid Chondropathy 86
Ascarid Infestation 88
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) 89
Aspiration Pneumonia 91
Atheroma of the False Nostril 92
Atopic Dermatitis* 93
Atrial Fibrillation 96
Atrial Septal Defect 99
Atypical Myopathy 101
Aural Plaques 102
Azotemia and Uremia 103
Back Pain 105
Bacteremia/Sepsis 106
Bacterial Dermatitis—Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci 108
Bile Acids 110
Bilirubin (Hyperbilirubinemia) 111
Biosecurity, Disinfectants in the Breeding Shed 113
Blood and Plasma Transfusion Reactions 115
Blood Culture 117
Blue-Green Algae 119
Bordetella bronchiseptica 120
Botulism 121
Bradyarrhythmias 123
Broad Ligament Hematoma 124
Brucellosis 125
Bruxism 126
Burdock Pappus Bristle Keratopathy 128
Calcific Band Keratopathy 129
Calcium, Hypercalcemia 130
Calcium, Hypocalcemia 132
Cantharidin Toxicosis 134
Cardiotoxic Plants 136
Castration, Henderson Castration Instrument 138
Castration, Routine 139
Centaurea and Acroptilon Toxicosis 140
Cerebellar Abiotrophy 141
Cervical Lesions 142
Cervical Vertebral Malformation 145
Cestrum diurnum Toxicosis* 146
Chloride, Hyperchloremia 147
Chloride, Hypochloremia 148
Cholelithiasis* 149
Chorioretinitis 150
Chronic Diarrhea* 151
Chronic Kidney Disease 153
Chronic Progressive Lymphedema 155
Chronic Weight Loss 156
Cleft Palate 157
Clitoral Enlargement 158
Clostridial Myositis 159
Clostridium difficile Infection 161
Coagulation Defects, Acquired 163
Coagulation Defects, Inherited 165
Coccidioidomycosis* 166
Coccidiosis 167
Colic, Chronic/Recurrent 168
Colic in Foals 170
Complex Congenital Cardiac Disease 173
Conception Failure in Mares 175
Congenital Cardiac Abnormalities* 178
Conium maculatum (Poison Hemlock) Toxicosis 180
Conjunctival Diseases 181
Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM) 183
Corneal/Scleral Lacerations 185
Corneal Stromal Abscesses 186
Corneal Ulceration 187
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis* 189
Cough, Acute/Chronic 191
Creatine Kinase (CK) 193
Cryptorchidism 195
Cryptosporidiosis 197
Cutaneous Photosensitization* 198
Cyanide Toxicosis 200
Cyathostominosis* 201
Cytology of Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) Fluid 203
Cytology of Pleural Fluid 204
Cytology of Tracheal Aspiration (TA) Fluid 205
Dacryocystitis 207
Delayed Uterine Involution 209
Dermatomycoses, Subcutaneous (SC) 210
Dermatomycoses, Superficial 213
Dermatophilosis 215
Diaphragmatic Hernia 216
Diarrhea, Neonate 217
Dicoumarol (Moldy Sweet Clover) Toxicosis 219
Diseases of the Equine Nictitans 220
Disorders of Sexual Development 222
Disorders of the Thyroid, Hypo- and Hyperthyroidism 224
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 226
Distal and Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Disease 228
Distal Tarsitis 229
Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate (DDSP) 230
Dorsal Metacarpal Bone Disease 231
Dourine 232
Duodenitis–Proximal Jejunitis (Anterior Enteritis, Proximal Enteritis) 234
Dynamic Collapse of the Upper Airways 236
Dystocia 238
Ear Tick-Associated Muscle Cramping 240
Early Embryonic Death 241
Eastern (EEE), Western (WEE), and Venezuelan (VEE) Equine Encephalitides 243
Eclampsia 245
Ectoparasites 246
Embryo Transfer 248
Endocarditis, Infective 250
Endometrial Biopsy 252
Endometritis 254
Endotoxemia 258
Enterolithiasis 260
Eosinophilia and Basophilia 262
Eosinophilic Enteritis 263
Eosinophilic Keratitis 265
Epiglottic Entrapment 266
Equine Asthma 267
Equine Coronavirus* 268
Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis 269
Equine Herpesvirus 5 271
Equine Herpesvirus Myeloencephalopathy 272
Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS)/Insulin Dysregulation (ID) 273
Equine Motor Neuron Disease 275
Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis 277
Equine Oocytes and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)* 279
Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM) 281
Equine Recurrent Uveitis 284
Equine Sarcoidosis 286
Esophageal Obstruction (Choke) 287
Excessive Maternal Behavior/Foal Stealing 289
Exercise-Associated Arrhythmias 290
Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage (EIPH)* 291
Exercise Intolerance in Sport Horses 292
Exertional Rhabdomyolysis 294
Expiratory Dyspnea 296
Exudative Optic Neuropathy 298
Eyelid Diseases 299
Failure of Transfer of Passive Immunity (FTPI) 301
Fear 303
Fescue Toxicosis 306
Fetal Stress/Distress/Viability 308
Fever 311
Flexural Limb Deformity 315
Fluid Therapy, Neonate 317
Foal Immunodeficiency Syndrome 319
Fractures in Endurance Horses 320
Fumonisins* 322
Fungal Pneumonia 324
Fusaria* 325
Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT) 326
Gastric Dilation/Distention 328
Gastric Impaction 330
Gastric Neoplasia 332
Gastric Ulcers and Erosions (Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome, EGUS) 333
Gastric Ulcers, Neonate 335
Getah Virus Infection* 337
Glanders* 338
Glaucoma 339
Glucose, Hyperglycemia 341
Glucose, Hypoglycemia 343
Glucose Tolerance Tests 344
Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency 346
Goiter 347
Granulomatous Enteritis 348
Grass Sickness* 349
Guttural Pouch Empyema 351
Guttural Pouch Mycosis 352
Guttural Pouch Tympany 353
Headshaking 354
Head Trauma 355
Heaves (Severe Equine Asthma, RAO) 357
Hemangiosarcoma 359
Hemorrhage, Acute 360
Hemorrhage, Chronic 362
Hemorrhagic Nasal Discharge 363
Hemospermia 364
Hendra Virus 365
Hepatic Abscess and Septic Cholangiohepatitis 366
Hepatic Encephalopathy 368
Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia 369
Hernias (Umbilical and Inguinal) 370
Herpesvirus 3 372
Herpesvirus Types 1 and 4 373
High-Risk Pregnancy 375
Hydrocephalus 379
Hydrops Allantois/Amnion 380
Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis 382
Hyperlipidemia/Hyperlipemia 384
Hyperthermia* 386
Hypoxemia 388
Icterus (Prehepatic, Hepatic, Posthepatic) 390
Idiopathic Colitis/Typhlitis* 392
Ileal Hypertrophy 394
Ileus 395
Immune-Mediated Keratitis 397
Immunoglobulin Deficiencies 399
Immunosuppression 401
Impaction 403
Infectious Anemia (EIA) 405
Infectious Arthritis (Nonhematogenous) 407
Inflammatory Airway Disease—IAD in Performing Horses (Mild and Moderate Equine Asthma) 409
Influenza* 411
Insect Hypersensitivity 413
Inspiratory Dyspnea 415
Insulin Levels/Insulin Tolerance Test 417
Internal Abdominal Abscesses 419
Intestinal Absorption Tests 421
Intra-abdominal Hemorrhage in Horses* 423
Intracarotid Injections 425
Ionophore Toxicosis 426
Iris Prolapse 428
Iron Toxicosis 429
Ischemic Optic Neuropathy 430
Isocoma pluriflora Toxicosis* 431
Juglans nigra (Black Walnut) Toxicosis 432
Laminitis 433
Lantana camara Toxicosis* 436
Large Colon Torsion* 437
Large Ovary Syndrome 439
Laryngeal Hemiparesis/Hemiplegia (Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy) 442
Lavender Foal Syndrome 444
Lawsonia Intracellularis Infections in Foals 445
Lead (Pb) Toxicosis 446
Learning, Training, and Behavior Problems 448
Lens Opacities/Cataracts 451
Leptospirosis 453
Lethal White Foal Syndrome 455
Leukocytoclastic Pastern Vasculitis 456
Leukoencephalomalacia 458
Locomotor Stereotypic Behaviors 460
Lungworm—Parasitic Bronchitis and Pneumonia 462
Lyme Disease 463
Lymphadenopathy 465
Lymphocytic–Plasmacytic Enterocolitis 466
Lymphocytosis 467
Lymphopenia 469
Lymphosarcoma 470
Magnesium (Mg2+) 472
Magnesium Disorders* 473
Malabsorption 474
Malicious Intoxication 476
Mastitis 477
Maternal Foal Rejection 478
Meconium Retention 479
Melanoma* 481
Melena and Hematochezia 482
Meningitis, Neonate 483
Mercury Toxicosis 484
Metabolic Disorders in Endurance Horses 485
Metacarpo- (Metatarso-)phalangeal Joint Disease 487
Metaldehyde Toxicosis 488
Methemoglobin 489
Methylxanthine Toxicosis 491
Mitral Regurgitation 492
Monensin Toxicosis 494
Monocytosis 495
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome 496
Multiple Myeloma 497
Multisystemic Eosinophilic Epitheliotropic Disease* 498
Myeloproliferative Diseases 499
Myocardial Disease 500
Narcolepsy and Cataplexy 502
Navicular Syndrome 503
Neonatal Isoerythrolysis 504
Neonatal Maladjustment Syndrome 506
Nerium oleander (Oleander) Toxicosis 508
Neuroaxonal Dystrophy/Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy 509
Neutropenia 510
Neutrophilia 512
Nigropallidal Encephalomalacia 514
Nitrate/Nitrite Toxicosis 515
Nutrition in Foals* 516
Nutritional Myodegeneration 518
Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (NSHPT) 520
Ocular/Adnexal Squamous Cell Carcinoma 521
Ocular Examination 523
Ocular Problems in the Neonate 524
Omphalophlebitis 526
Optic Nerve Atrophy 528
Oral Neoplasia 529
Oral Stereotypic Behavior 531
Oral Ulcers 533
Orbital Disease 535
Organophosphate and Carbamate Toxicosis 537
Osmolality, Hyperosmolality 539
Osteoarthritis 541
Osteochondrosis 543
Ovulation Failure 545
Pancreatic Disease 546
Pancytopenia 547
Panicum coloratum (Kleingrass) Toxicosis* 548
Papillomatosis 549
Paraphimosis 550
Pastern Dermatitis 552
Patent Ductus Arteriosus 554
Patent Urachus 556
Pemphigus Foliaceus 557
Penetrating Injuries to the Foot* 558
Penile Lacerations 559
Penile Paralysis 560
Penile Vesicles, Erosions, and Tumors 561
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) Toxicosis 563
Pericarditis 564
Perineal Lacerations/Recto-Vaginal-Vestibular Fistulas 566
Periocular Sarcoid 568
Periodontal Disease 570
Peritonitis 572
Petechiae, Ecchymoses, and Hematomas 573
Pharyngeal Lymphoid Hyperplasia (Pharyngitis) 574
Pheochromocytoma 575
Phimosis 576
Phosphorus, Hyperphosphatemia 577
Phosphorus, Hypophosphatemia 578
Photic Headshaking 579
Photosensitization* 581
Pica 583
Pigmenturia (Hematuria, Hemoglobinuria, and Myoglobinuria) 584
Piroplasmosis 587
Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction 589
Placenta Basics 591
Placental Insufficiency 592
Placentitis 593
Plasma Proteins 595
Pleuropneumonia 597
Pneumonia, Neonate 598
Pneumothorax 600
Pneumovagina/Pneumouterus 601
Poisoning (Intoxication)—General Principles 602
Polycythemia 605
Polyneuritis Equi 607
Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy 608
Polyuria (PU) and Polydipsia (PD) 609
Postpartum Metritis 611
Potassium, Hyperkalemia 613
Potassium, Hypokalemia 614
Potomac Horse Fever (PHF) 615
Pregnancy Diagnosis 617
Premature Placental Separation 620
Prematurity/Dysmaturity in Foals 621
Prepubic Tendon Rupture 623
Priapism 624
Primary Hyperparathyroidism 625
Probiotics in Foals and Horses* 626
Progressive Ethmoidal Hematoma (PEH)* 628
Proliferative Optic Neuropathy 629
Prolonged Diestrus 630
Prolonged Pregnancy 632
Protein, Hyperproteinemia 634
Protein, Hypoproteinemia 636
Protein-Losing Enteropathy (PLE) 638
Ptyalism 639
Purpura Haemorrhagica 640
Purulent Nasal Discharge 642
Pyometra 644
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Toxicosis* 646
Quercus spp. (Oak) Toxicosis 648
Rabies 649
Rectal Prolapse 650
Rectal Tears 652
Regurgitation/Vomiting/Dysphagia 654
Removal and Shipment of Ovaries for Postmortem ICSI 655
Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Foals 657
Resuscitation, Neonate 658
Retained Deciduous Teeth 660
Retained Fetal Membranes 662
Rhodococcus equi (Prescottella equi) 663
Rib Fractures in Foals 665
Right and Left Dorsal Displacement of the Colon 666
Right Dorsal Colitis 668
Robinia pseudoacacia (Black Locust) Toxicosis 670
Rotavirus 671
Salmonellosis 672
Sand Impaction and Enteropathy 674
Sarcoid* 676
Seasonal Pasture Myopathy/Atypical Myopathy 678
Seizure Disorders 679
Seizures in Foals* 680
Selenium Intoxication 682
Self-Mutilation 683
Septic Arthritis, Neonate 684
Septic Meningoencephalomyelitis 686
Septicemia, Neonate 687
Serum Amyloid A (SAA) 689
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency 691
Shivers (Shivering) 692
Sinusitis (Paranasal)* 693
Slaframine Toxicosis 695
Small Intestinal Obstruction 696
Smoke Inhalation 699
Snake Envenomation 701
Sodium, Hypernatremia 703
Sodium, Hyponatremia 704
Solanum spp. (Nightshade) Toxicosis 705
Solar Abscess 706
Soluble Oxalate Toxicosis 707
Sorbitol Dehydrogenase (SDH) 708
Sorghum spp. Toxicosis 710
Spermatogenesis and Factors Affecting Sperm Production 711
Spider Envenomation 713
Splenomegaly 714
Stallion Sexual Behavior Problems 715
Stationary Night Blindness 717
Streptococcus equi Infection 718
Stress Fractures 720
Stringhalt 722
Summer Pasture-Associated Equine Asthma (Pasture Asthma)* 723
Superficial Non-Healing Ulcers 725
Supraventricular Arrhythmias 726
Suspensory Desmitis 728
Synchronous Diaphragmatic Flutter 729
Synovial Fluid 730
Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy 732
Tendonitis 733
Tenesmus 735
Teratoma 737
Tetanus* 738
Thoracic Trauma 740
Thrombocytopenia 742
Thrombocytosis 744
Thrombophlebitis 745
Thyroid-Releasing Hormone (TRH) and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Tests 746
Thyroid Tumors 748
Toxic Hepatopathy 749
Tremorgenic Mycotoxin Toxicoses 751
Tricuspid Regurgitation 753
Trifolium hybridum Toxicosis 755
Tropane Alkaloids Toxicosis 756
Trypanosomiasis 757
Tuberculosis 759
Tumors of the Respiratory System 760
Twin Pregnancy 761
Tyzzer Disease (Clostridium piliforme) 763
Ulcerative Keratomycosis 764
Upward Fixation of the Patella 766
Urinalysis (U/A) 767
Urinary Incontinence 769
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) 771
Urine Pooling/Urovagina 773
Urolithiasis 774
Uroperitoneum, Neonate 776
Urticaria 778
Uterine Inertia 780
Uterine Torsion 781
Vaccination Protocols 783
Vaginal Prolapse 785
Vaginitis and Vaginal Discharge 786
Ventricular Arrhythmias 787
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) 790
Verminous Meningoencephalomyelitis 792
Vesicular Stomatitis 793
Vicia villosa (Hairy Vetch) Toxicosis 794
Viral Arteritis (EVA) 795
Viral (Herpes) Keratitis (Putative) 797
Vision 798
Vitrification of Equine Embryos 800
Vulvar Conformation 802
Weaning Separation Stress 804
West Nile Virus 806
Index 807