1 Cytology Sampling and Preparation 1
1.1 Cytology 1
1.2 Sample Collection and Preparation 1
1.3 Sample Staining 7
1.4 Sample Handling and Storage 8
2 Cytologic Analysis of Cells 11
2.1 Approach to Cytology Samples 11
2.2 Sample Quality and Background 11
2.3 Cell Types 15
2.4 Cell Shape, Distribution, and Features 29
2.5 Benign Versus Malignant 30
3 Infectious Agents 45
3.1 Fungi 45
3.2 Oomycetes 56
3.3 Algae 56
3.4 Mesomycetozoea 58
3.5 Protozoa 58
3.6 Helminths 65
3.7 Bacteria 69
3.8 Ectoparasites 75
4 Integument 85
4.1 Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Lesions 85
5 Hemolymphatic 139
5.1 Lymph Nodes 139
5.2 Spleen 153
5.3 Thymus 167
5.4 Bone Marrow 170
6 Body Cavity Fluids 193
6.1 General Classification 193
6.2 Specific Effusions 197
7 Musculoskeletal 211
7.1 Bone 211
7.2 Joints 219
7.3 Muscle 226
8 Hepatobiliary 235
8.1 Liver 235
8.2 Biliary Tract 250
9 Digestive System 255
9.1 Salivary Glands 255
9.2 Stomach/Intestines 258
9.3 Feces 267
9.4 Pancreas 272
10 Urinary 285
10.1 Kidney 285
10.2 Bladder 291
10.3 Urine 294
10.4 Urinary Crystals 298
10.5 Urinary Casts 303
11 Respiratory 311
11.1 Nasal Cavity 311
11.2 Lung 317
11.3 Bronchoalveolar Lavage/Transtracheal Wash 320
12 Endocrine 331
12.1 Thyroid 331
12.2 Parathyroid 335
12.3 Chemoreceptor Tumors 336
12.4 Adrenal Gland 338
12.5 Pituitary Gland 340
13 Reproductive 345
Male 345
13.1 Testes 345
13.2 Semen Analysis 350
13.3 Prostate 350
13.4 Penis 358
Female 358
13.5 Ovary 358
13.6 Mammary Glands 361
13.7 Vaginal Cytology 366
14 Neurologic 379
14.1 Brain 379
14.2 Cerebrospinal Fluid 386
14.3 Spinal Cord 400
15 Ocular and Special Senses 405
15.1 Eyes: Cornea 405
15.2 Eyes: Conjunctiva 409
15.3 Ears 412
16 Blood Smear Preparation and Evaluation 421
16.1 The Importance of Blood Smear Evaluation 421
16.2 Making a Blood Smear 421
16.3 Blood Smear Staining and Handling 425
16.4 Blood Smear Evaluation 427
16.5 Hematology Procedures and Techniques 430
17 Erythrocytes 433
17.1 Approach to Evaluating Red Blood Cells 433
17.2 Red Blood Cell Distribution 433
17.3 Red Blood Cell Morphology 438
17.4 Red Blood Cell Inclusions 456
17.5 Red Blood Cell Neoplasia 461
17.6 Red Blood Cell Infectious Agents 462
18 Leukocytes 475
18.1 Approach to Evaluating Leukocytes 475
18.2 Neutrophils 476
18.3 Neutrophil Inclusions 484
18.4 Eosinophils 488
18.5 Basophils 489
18.6 Mast Cells 491
18.7 Monocytes 492
18.8 Lymphocytes 495
18.9 Leukocyte Neoplasia 498
18.10 Leukocyte Infectious Agents 504
19 Platelets 515
19.1 Approach to Evaluating Platelets 515
19.2 Platelet Distribution 515
19.3 Platelet Morphology 518
19.4 Platelet Neoplasia 522
19.5 Platelet Infectious Agents 524
20 Background Features and Miscellaneous Cells 527
20.1 Approach to Blood Smear Background Features 527
20.2 Acellular Elements 527
20.3 Miscellaneous Cells 528
20.4 Infectious Agents 533
References 536
Index 537