About the Author xvii
Foreword xix
Preface xxi
Acknowledgements xxiii
1 The Dental Operatory 1
Space 1
Electricity, Water, and Drainage 1
Ergonomics 2
The Operatory 2
Powered Dental Delivery Systems 6
Storage 11
Lighting 11
Dental Loupes (Telescopes) 13
Radiography 15
General Anesthesia 16
Patient Monitoring Devices 17
Regional Analgesia 26
Technique 28
Further Reading 32
2 Equipment, Instruments, and Materials for Operative Dentistry 37
Equipment and Material Recommendations Based on the Level of Dental Care 37
Diagnostics for Basic Dentistry 37
Dental Scaling, Irrigation and Polishing Equipment, Instruments, and Techniques 40
Dental Polishing Equipment and Materials 47
Extraction Instruments and Materials 50
Dental Handpieces 56
Maintenance of Dental Equipment 66
Homecare Products to Reduce the Accumulation of Plaque and Tartar (Calculus) 67
Other Homecare Products, Which May Decrease the Accumulation of Plaque and/or Tartar When Used Properly 68
Equipment and Materials for Advanced Dental Care 69
Obturating the Canal 72
College-Tipped Pliers to Handle the Paper and Gutta Percha Points 73
Restorative Materials Used in Advanced Dental Procedures 75
Advanced Periodontal and Oral Surgery 75
Lasers 75
Orthodontic Equipment and Materials Used in Advanced Dental Procedures 79
Orthodontic Buttons and Masel Chain Elastics 80
Further Reading 83
3 Oral Anatomy for the General Practitioner 87
The Oral Cavity 87
Mucosa 87
Muscles 87
Tongue 87
Innervation of the Oral Cavity 89
Blood Supply and Lymphatic Drainage 90
Salivary Glands 90
Periodontium 90
Cranium 95
Facium 95
Maxillae and Mandibles 95
Temporomandibular Joint 100
Teeth 100
Further Reading 112
4 Dental Radiography 113
Incorporating Dental Radiography into General Practice 113
Radiation Safety 113
Radiograph Equipment 113
Positioning 116
Radiograph Image Troubleshooting 128
Radiograph Interpretation 133
Periodontal Disease 137
Endodontic Disease 144
External Root Resorption 149
Further Reading 159
5 Charting 163
Two-/Four-Handed Charting 163
Step-By-Step Charting 163
Periodontal Indices 191
Dental Explorer 192
Furcation Disease Charting 194
Bleeding on Probing 194
Gingivitis Index 194
Tooth Mobility 194
Crown Pathology 198
Charting Abbreviations 212
Therapy Abbreviations 217
Further Reading 218
6 The Comprehensive Oral Prevention, Assessment, and Treatment Visit 221
Comprehensive Oral Prevention, Assessment, and Treatment (COPAT) 221
Case Volume 222
Workflow 222
Basic Treatment Options in Companion Animal Dentistry 227
Plaque and Calculus Prevention 230
Efficacy of Homecare Products 231
The Veterinary Oral Health Council 231
Efficacy Through Mechanical Action 232
Efficacy Through Nonmechanical Action 235
Efficacy Through Mechanical plus Nonmechanical Actions 236
Safety of Homecare Products 236
Gastrointestinal Inflammation 237
Safety Against Tooth Fracture 237
Scheduling the Next Professional Oral Hygiene Visit 237
Further Reading 238
7 Oropharyngeal Inflammation 243
Periodontal Diseases 243
Clinical Periodontal Diseases 245
Furcation Disease 259
Tooth Mobility 259
Periodontal Regeneration 264
Guided Tissue Regeneration 268
Mucositis – Inflammation of the Oral Mucosa 268
Stomatitis 273
Anti-Inflammatory Medication 276
Surgical Management of FCGS 277
Technique for Placement of Esophagostomy Feeding Tube in the Anesthetized Cat 278
Flap Design, Procedure, and Closure 279
Mandibular Canine Extraction Technique 284
Hemisection and Restoration 286
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)-positive Cats with Feline Chronic Gingivitis Stomatitis 295
Further Reading 297
8 Tooth Resorption 305
Prevalence 305
Etiology 305
Terminology/Classification 305
Classification by Anatomical Location – Internal and External Resorption 306
Inflammatory External Resorption 306
Classification by Radiographic Appearance (Types) 309
Clinical Signs 310
Clinical Examination Findings 310
Radiographic Findings 311
Treatment of Tooth Resorption 313
Restoration 314
Monitoring Without Immediate Care 315
Crown/Root Atomization 315
Tooth Extraction 315
Crown Amputation with Intentional Partial Root Retention Followed by Gingival Closure 316
Further Reading 319
9 Oral Trauma 323
Anatomy and Physiology 323
Crown Wear – Abrasion and Attrition 323
The Traumatized Tooth 323
Endodontic Therapy 327
Age of the Patient 331
Materials for Endodontic Therapy 331
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) 334
Instruments for Endodontic Therapy 334
Spatulas 342
Fundamental Endodontic Procedures 342
Standard (Conventional) Root Canal Therapy 344
Rotary Debridement 349
Crown Restoration 351
Oral Cavity Trauma 353
Principles of Jaw Fracture Repair 361
Treatment Planning and Options 361
Further Reading 365
10 Oral Masses 367
Identification and Staging of Oral Tumors 367
World Health Organization (WHO) Clinical Staging of Tumors of the Oral Cavity – Primary Tumor–Regional Nodes–Metastasis (TNM) System 367
Neoplasia Nomenclature 368
Tissue Sampling 369
Surgical Options to Treat Neoplasia 369
General Overview of Tumor Surgery 369
Benign Neoplasia 371
Osteomyelitis 381
Odontoma 381
Papilloma 381
Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex 381
Peripheral Odontogenic Fibroma 383
Amyloid-Producing Odontogenic Tumor 388
Traumatic Granulomas 388
Feline Pyogenic Granuloma 391
Oral Malignancy 391
Squamous Cell Carcinoma 394
Salivary Gland Pathology 407
Further Reading 416
11 Occlusal Disorders, Extra Teeth, and Missing Teeth 423
Angle Classification 423
Malocclusion – Dental and Skeletal 426
Skeletal Malocclusion 429
Ethics of Performing Veterinary Orthodontic Care 435
Interceptive Orthodontics 435
Extraction of the Malpositioned Tooth 439
Crown Reduction, Vital Pulp Therapy, and Tooth Restoration 441
Moving Teeth 441
Types of Forces Used to Move Teeth 441
Instrumentation for Orthodontic Care 445
Technique for Bracket Placement, Light Chemical Cementation, and Force Activation 446
Orthodontic Appliances 446
The Following are Steps of Orthodontic Therapy Using Appliances 446
Materials and Methods to Create a Dental Study Model 448
Obtaining the Impression 448
Creating Arch Impressions Using Alginate 448
Pouring the Stone Model 450
Water: Powder Ratio 450
Follow These Steps to Mix and Pour Stone 450
The Following are Steps to Pour the Stone Mixture onto the Impression 450
Preparing a Base for Each Cast 451
To Separate the Cast from the Alginate Impression 451
Trimming the Cast 452
Lab Instructions and Shipping 452
Inclined Planes 452
Further Reading 456
Glossary 459
Index 475