Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Part I Overview of the Diagnostic Process 1
1 Overview of Grading and Staging 3
Identification of the process 3
Identification of tumor types 5
Grading 5
Staging 7
Staging versus clinical behavior 9
Epithelial tumors 12
Mesenchymal tumors 26
Round cell tumors 32
Melanoma 42
Conclusion 44
References 45
Part II Case Studies 49
2 Selected Lesions of the Head and Neck 51
Bone tumors of the head 51
Osteoma 51
Osteosarcoma 51
Mass lesions of the ear canal 54
Aural polyp 54
Ceruminous adenoma 55
Ceruminous carcinoma 56
Mass lesions of the external ear pinna 57
Histiocytoma 57
Squamous cell carcinoma 58
Mass lesions of the conjunctiva and nictitans 59
Papilloma 59
Squamous cell carcinoma 60
Hemangiosarcoma 62
Melanoma 63
Eyelid masses 64
Meibomian gland adenoma 64
Spindle cell tumor 65
Lesions of the oral and nasal mucosal epithelium 66
Eosinophilic inflammation 67
Lymphoplasmacellular inflammation 68
Lymphosarcoma 69
Epulis 70
Acanthomatous epulis 70
Ossifying epulis 71
Viral papilloma 72
Squamous cell carcinoma 73
Melanoma 74
Nasal cavity tumors 76
Adenocarcinoma 76
Chondrosarcoma 77
Mass lesions of the canine and feline muzzle skin 78
Sebaceous gland nodular hyperplasia 78
Sebaceous gland adenoma 79
Sebaceous epithelioma 79
Trichoblastoma (Basal cell tumor) 80
Mast cell tumor 82
Plasma cell tumor 83
Mass lesions of the submandibular region 84
Reactive lymph node 85
Malignant lymphoma 86
Normal salivary gland 87
Salivary mucocele 87
Salivary gland carcinoma 88
Ventral neck masses 89
Thyroid adenoma 90
Thyroid carcinoma 91
Parathyroid adenoma 91
Additional reading 92
3 Selected Lesions of the Limbs, Paws, and Digits 97
Bone lesions 97
Periosteal hyperplasia 97
Osteosarcoma 97
Subungual tumors 100
Melanoma 100
Squamous cell carcinoma 102
Digital skin and nail bed lesions 103
Calcinosis circumscripta 103
Plasmacellular pododermatitis 104
Papilloma 104
Fibroadnexal hyperplasia 107
Stromal tumors of the limb 108
Canine low-grade spindle cell tumor 108
Feline spindle cell tumor 110
Lipoma 111
Liposarcoma 113
Synovial sarcoma 114
Additional reading 115
4 Selected Genital and Perineal Masses 119
Perineal masses 119
Rectal polyp 119
Perianal gland adenoma 119
Perianal gland carcinoma 121
Anal sac apocrine gland carcinoma 122
Masses of the external genitalia 124
Transmissible venereal tumor 124
Mast cell tumor 126
Additional reading 126
5 Selected Lesions of the Skin and Subcutis of the Trunk 129
Mass lesions of the dorsal trunk 129
Calcinosis cutis 129
Follicular cyst 129
Cystic adnexal tumors—trichoepithelioma, keratoacanthoma 132
Apocrine adenoma 133
Apocrine and sebaceous carcinoma 133
Sebaceous carcinoma 134
Lipoma 136
Canine well-differentiated spindle cell proliferation 137
Canine spindle cell tumor, mid grade 138
Canine spindle cell tumor, high grade 139
Feline spindle cell tumor 140
Canine cutaneous lymphoma 144
Mast cell tumor 145
Canine histiocytoma 147
Histiocytosis 148
Dorsal tail head masses 149
Pilomatricoma 149
Melanoma 149
Sebaceous adenoma 151
Perianal gland adenoma 153
Ventral trunk vascular lesions of the skin and subcutis 153
Hemangioma 153
Hemangiosarcoma 154
Mass lesions of the mammary gland 156
Fibroepithelial hyperplasia 156
Mammary gland adenoma 157
Complex adenoma 158
Mixed mammary tumor 159
Mammary carcinoma 160
Additional reading 163
6 Selected Lesions of the Thoracic Viscera 167
Cardiac tumors 167
Hemangiosarcoma 167
Malignant plasma cell tumor 167
Pulmonary mass lesions 170
Pulmonary carcinoma 170
Pulmonary hemangiosarcoma 172
Pulmonary adenomatosis 172
Mediastinal tumors 175
Mediastinal malignant lymphoma 175
Thymoma 177
Additional reading 178
7 Selected Lesions of the Abdominal Viscera 181
Diseases that result in liver enlargement 181
Vacuolar hepatopathy 181
Bile duct hyperplasia 181
Hepatocellular neoplasia 183
Bile duct carcinoma 185
Hepatic hemangiosarcoma 186
Gastrointestinal lesions 187
Eosinophilic inflammatory bowel disease 187
Lymphoplasmacellular inflammatory bowel disease 187
Gastrointestinal malignant lymphoma 187
Gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma 190
Gastrointestinal spindle cell tumor 190
Kidney and bladder masses 190
Pyogranulomatous inflammatory disease suggestive of feline infectious peritonitis 191
Renal carcinoma 192
Renal malignant lymphoma 193
Urinary bladder cystitis with reactive epithelial hyperplasia 194
Urinary bladder polyp 195
Transitional cell carcinoma 196
Splenomegaly and splenic masses 198
Extramedullary hematopoiesis 198
Lymphoid nodular hyperplasia 198
Malignant lymphoma 198
Mast cell tumor 198
Splenic torsion 202
Splenic hematoma 203
Splenic hemangiosarcoma 204
Splenic histiocytic sarcoma 206
Splenic malignant fibrous histiocytoma 207
Additional reading 209
8 Sample Handling 213
Cytologic specimens 213
Biopsy specimens 219
Histology processing, glass slide production, and routine staining 224
Additional reading 227
Index 229