Part I. METHODS FOR DIAGNOSING FISH DISEASES
1. MAJOR CULTURED SPECIES
2. TYPES OF CULTURE SYSTEMS

3. THE CLINICAL WORK-UP

4. POST MORTEM TECHNIQUES

5. GUIDELINES FOR INTERPRETING CLINICAL FINDINGS

6. HEALTH MANAGEMENT

 

7. PROBLEMS 1-10. Diagnoses made with commercially available water quality test kits or equipment that should be present in the clinician's clinic

   1. Environmental hypoxia
   2. Temperature stress
   3. Temperature stratification
   4. Ammonia poisoning
   5. Nitrite poisoning
   6. Nitrate poisoning
   7. Too low (acidic) pH
   8. Too high (alkaline) pH
   9. Improper hardness
   10. Improper salinity

8. PROBLEMS 11-43: Diagnoses made by either gross external examination of fish, wet mounts of skin/gills, or histopathology of skin/gills

   11. Gas supersaturation
   12. Lamprey infestation
   13. Leech infestation
   14. Copepod infestation/infection
   15. Branchiuran infestation
   16. Isopod infestation
   17. Monogenean infestation
   18. Turbellarian infection
   19. Protozoan ectoparasites: General features
   20. Ichthyophthirius infection
   21. Cryptocaryon infection
   22. Trichodinid infestation
   23. Chilodonella infestation
   24. Brooklynella infestation
   25. Tetrahymena infection
   26. Uronema infection
   27. Amyloodinium infestation
   28. Piscinoodinium infestation
   29. Ichthyobodo infestation
   30. Gill Cryptobia infestations
   31. Gill amoebic infestations
   32  Sessile, solitary, ectocommensal ciliate infestations
   33. Sessile, colonial, ectocommensal ciliate infestations
   34. Typical water mold infections
   35. Atypical water mold infections
   36. Branchiomycosis
   37. Columnaris infection
   38. Bacterial cold water disease
   39. Bacterial gill disease
   40. Lymphocystis
   41. Epitheliocystis
   42. Miscellaneous skin and gill diseases
   43. Incidental findings in skin or gill wet mounts

9. PROBLEM 44: Diagnoses made by examination of a gill clip or a blood smear

   44. Primary hemopathies

10. PROBLEMS 45-57: Diagnoses made by bacterial culture of kidney or affected organs

   45. Bacterial dermatopathies/systemic bacterial infections (general)
   46. Motile aeromonad infection
   47. Furunculosis
   48. Edwardsiella ictaluri
   49. Edwardsiella tarda
   50. Vibriosis
   51. Pasteurellosis
   52. Enteric redmouth disease
   53  Streptococcosis
   54. Bacterial kidney disease
   55. Mycobacteriosis
   56. Piscirickettsiosis
   57. Miscellaneous systemic bacterial infections

11. PROBLEMS 58-76: Diagnoses made by necropsy of the viscera and examination of wet mounts or histopathology of internal organs

   58. Digenean trematode infection: General features
   59. Gill digenean trematode infections
   60. Nematode infections
   61. Cestode infections
   62. Acanthocephalan infections  
   63. Myxozoan infections (General)
   64. Proliferative gill disease
   65. Ceratomyxosis
   66. Hoferellus carassii
   67. Proliferative kidney disease
   68. Whirling disease
   69. Miscellaneous myxozoan infections
   70. Microsporidian infections
   71. Ichthyophonosis
   72. True fungal infections
   73. Diplomonad flagellate infection
   74. Tissue coccidiosis
   75. Miscellaneous endoparasitic infections
   76. Idiopathic epidermal proliferation/Neoplasia

12. PROBLEMS 77-88: Rule-out diagnoses 1 (Viral Infections): Presumptive diagnosis is based upon the absence of other etiologies combined with a diagnostically appropriate history, clinical signs, and/or pathology.  Definitive diagnosis is based upon presumptive diagnosis combined with confirmation of viral presence (i.e., culture, immmunodiagnosis, gene test, etc.)

   77. Systemic viral diseases (General) molecular probes
   78. Channel catfish virus disease
   79. Infectious pancreatic necrosis
   80. Infectious hematopoietic necrosis
   81. Viral hemorrhagic septicemia
   82. Infectious salmon anemia
   83. Spring viremia of carp
   84. Iridovirus diseases
   85. Nodavirus diseases
   86. Koi herpesvirus disease
   87. Alphavirus diseases
   88. Miscellaneous viral infections and diseases

13. PROBLEMS 89-99: Rule-out diagnoses 2: Presumptive diagnosis is based upon the absence of other etiologies combined with a diagnostically appropriate history, clinical signs, and/or pathology.  Definitive diagnosis is based upon presumptive evidence combined with further, more extensive work-up with a specific identification of the problem

   89. Nutritional deficiency
   90. Hypercarbia
   91. Hydrogen sulfide poisoning
   92. Chlorine/chloramine poisoning
   93. Heavy metal poisoning
   94. Cyanide poisoning
   95. Miscellaneous poisonings
   96. Harmful algal blooms
   97. Acute ulceration response/Environmental shock/delayed mortality syndrome
   98. Traumatic lesions
   99. Genetic anomalies
  
14. PROBLEMS 100-102: Rule-out diagnoses 3: Presumptive diagnosis is based upon the absence of other etiologies combined with a diagnostically appropriate history, clinical signs, and/or pathology.  Definitive diagnosis is not possible since the etiology is unknown (idiopathic)

   100. Lateral Line Depigmentation
   101. Senescence
   102. Miscellaneous important idiopathic diseases

15. PROBLEM 103: Diseases of Reproduction

  103. Egg diseases

 

16. GENERAL CONCEPTS IN THERAPY
17   PHARMACOPOEIA

APPENDIX I: Fish Disease Diagnosis Form
APPENDIX II: Suppliers
APPENDIX III: Scientific Names of Fish Mentioned in the Text
APPENDIX IV: Definitions of Terms
Index

Edward J. Noga, MS, DVM, is Professor of Aquatic Medicine (College of Veterinary Medicine) and Adjunct Professor of Zoology (College of Agriculture and Life Science) at North Carolina State University, in Raleigh, North Carolina, and Adjunct Professor of Marine Science (Center for Marine Science) at the University of North Carolina in Wilmington, North Carolina.