Contributors xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Chapter 1: Anatomy 3
Amy D’Andrea and Jessica Sjogren with illustrations by Nathan Davis
Introduction 3
Systems Overviews 4
Chapter 2: Preventative Health Care 21
Amy D’Andrea and Jessica Sjogren
Introduction 22
Physical Examinations 22
Large Animal History 23
Preliminary Examination 24
Types of Physical Examinations 26
Physical Examination 27
Other Assessments 29
Vaccinations 29
Guiding Principles for Vaccinating an Animal 29
Adverse Reactions from Vaccinations 29
Vaccine Categories 29
Equine Injection Sites 30
Vaccines for Preventing Fatal Diseases in Horses 31
Vaccines to Minimize Illnesses in Horses 35
Areas of Injection and Blood Draws in Cattle 44
Dairy and Beef Cattle Vaccines 45
Small Ruminant Vaccines 50
Areas of Injection in Swine 52
Swine Vaccines 52
Rabies 55
Anthrax 58
Hoof Care 59
Common Diseases and Disorders of the Hoof 60
Lameness Grading Scale 61
Chapter 3: Nutrition 63
Ashley Moulton
The Importance of Nutrition 64
Vitamins 65
Minerals 67
Nutritional Defi ciencies 69
Nutritional Requirements for the Horse 76
Nutritional Requirements for the Dairy Cow 76
Nutritional Requirements for Beef Cattle 77
Nutritional Requirements for Sheep 77
Nutritional Requirements for Swine 77
Chapter 4: Internal Medicine 79
Jessica Sjogren and Amy D’Andrea
Cardiovascular 81
Dermatology 88
Endocrinology 93
Gastroenterology 95
Musculoskeletal 115
Neurology 121
Ophthalmology 125
Respiratory 128
Urology 137
Chapter 5: Reproduction 141
Katie Brown, Ryan Healy, and Maria Ferrer
Introduction 143
Female Reproductive Anatomy 144
Male Reproductive Anatomy 146
Reproductive Parameters in the Male 149
Ejaculatory Fractions in Boars and Stallions 149
Female Reproductive Physiology 150
Large Animal Reproductive Physiology 150
Phases of the Large Animal Estrous Cycle 151
Large Animal Gestation 152
Male Breeding Soundness Examination 153
Genital Examination 153
Semen Collection Techniques 154
Semen Evaluation 155
Sperm Abnormalities 155
Minimum Acceptable Testicular Size in
Satisfactory Potential Breeders 156
Minimum Acceptable Semen Quality in
Satisfactory Potential Breeders 156
Female Breeding Soundness Examination 157
Steps of the Female Breeding Soundness
Examination 157
Estrous Detection 158
Estrous Detection Techniques 158
Behavioral Signs of Estrus in Large Animals 159
Artificial Insemination 159
Proper Timing, Dose, and Site of Semen
Deposition during Artificial Insemination 160
Bovine Artificial Insemination Technique 161
Small Ruminant Artificial Insemination Methods 161
Swine Artificial Insemination 162
Equine Artificial Insemination 163
Handling and Preparation of Frozen Semen for Artificial Insemination 164
Pregnancy Diagnosis 164
Earliest Time or Ideal Time Range (Days Post-Ovulation) for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Large Animals 165
Abortion 165
Common Causes of Abortion 166
Management of Abortion 167
Twin Reduction in Mares 168
Parturition 168
Definition of the Stages of Parturition 168
Clinical Parameters of Parturition 169
Radius 316
Radius Radiography 316
Tibia 318
Tibia Radiography 318
Metacarpus (MCIII)/Metatarsus (MTIII) 320
Metacarpus/Metatarsus Radiography 321
Cervical Spine 322
Cervical Spine Radiography 322
Thorax 324
Thorax Radiography 324
Pelvis 326
Pelvis Radiography 326
Skull 327
Guttural Pouch/Larynx/Pharynx 327
Skull Radiography 327
Chapter 9: Pharmacology 329
Patrick Hennigan
Introduction 331
Basic Calculations 331
Antifungal Drugs 332
Anti-Infective Drugs: Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporins, and Chloramphenicol 333
Anti-Infective Drugs: Fluoroquinolones, Lincosamides, and Metronidazole 334
Anti-Infective Drugs: Penicillin, Sulfonamides, and Tetracyclines 336
Antiparasitic Drugs: Antinematodals 337
Antiparasitic Drugs: Anticestodals 338
Cardiovascular Drugs: Antiarrhythmics 339
Cardiovascular Drugs: Anticoagulants and
Calcium Supplements 340
Cardiovascular Drugs: Contractility Enhancers and Positive Inotropes 341
Renal and Urinary Tract Drugs: Diuretics 342
Renal and Urinary Tract Drugs: Acidifiers and Alkalinizers
Renal and Urinary Tract Drugs: Alpha Blocker and Anabolic Steroids 343
Antihistamines 343
Musculoskeletal Drugs: Adrenal
Cortical Steroids 344
Musculoskeletal Drugs: Nonsteroidal
Antiinflammatory Drugs 345
Central Nervous System Drugs: Anticonvulsants 347
Central Nervous System Drugs: Muscle Relaxers 347
Central Nervous System Drugs: Alpha-2 Agonists 348
Central Nervous System Drugs:
Dissociative Agents 348
Central Nervous System Drugs: Opioids 349
Chapter 10: Emergency Care 351
Jamie Defazio
Introduction 352
Emergency Supplies 352
Emergency Equipment and Supplies 353
Monitoring/Nursing Equipment 354
Triage 354
Assessment Triage (General) 355
Cardiac Emergencies 356
Procedure for Indirect Blood Pressure
Measurement for the Large Animal Patient 358
Respiratory Emergencies 359
Ophthalmic Emergencies 363
Gastrointestinal Emergencies 366
Procedure for Nasogastric Intubation
in the Equine Patient 369
Neurologic Emergencies 370
Reproductive Emergencies 373
Toxicological Emergencies 375
Metabolic Emergencies 379
Neonatal Emergencies 380
Urogenital and Renal Emergencies 383
Musculoskeletal Emergencies 385
Trauma/Shock 388
Over-the-Needle and Over-the-Wire Intravenous
Catheter Placement in the Jugular Vein 391
Chapter 11: Holistic Medicine for Horses 393
Jessica Sjogren
Holistic Medicine 394
Massage Therapy 394
Hydrotherapy 396
Chiropractic Therapy 398
Herbology 400
Oils 405
Acupuncture 407
Glossary 409
Bibliography 415
Index